Crimes
Sentencing and crime reduction
crime rate has always been an issue that people liked to argue. The main concerns are always about actions that can decrease the crime rate. In some countries it is only the problem of education, some difficulties with overall stability of the economy, and in some crime is part of the culture of a country. However, in the U.S. the situation is different in that the country does not fall into any of the categories listed above. The crime rate can be reduced by two methods: in first instance, reasons for criminal behavior and then take steps to reduce the rate of crime in accordance with these reasons or second strict the penalties for people who considered a crime the commission would think twice before taking any prohibited law actions. The effectiveness of tougher sentences can cause a problem for the distortion created by the imprisonment and unclear results, both individual and aggregate.
According to the public, the current penalties are not sufficiently significant. They are out of proportion to the seriousness of the offense. Referring to statistics, only 2% probability that a person committed a robbery was sentenced to prison. These numbers make people really think If we need more stringent sentence. Some may argue that it is just a robbery, however, if a person can allow himself or herself the commission of a robbery than they can stop him / her of having committed the murder. stricter sentences, with minimum penalties for particular crimes and the imprisonment of offenders automatic persistent, instead of the largest police costs, has become the latest reaction to the apparent increase in crime.
This is a hypothesis well known that criminal actions are directly related to the possible outcome of the unwanted situation (the catch). To be simple, if the criminal known that he / She will be responsible for the offense and this responsibility will be high potential severity of the offense will be much smaller. Some countries, especially Asian have a death penalty for multiple offenses. For example, if someone caught with drugs, no matter if they used, sold, or simply in the pocket he / she shall be sentenced to death. Chances are that in this way the authorities would only scare potential offenders and not change the psychology, however, this method works positively in reducing the crime rate.
As mentioned earlier, there are basically two types of strategies to promote the potential offender of the law is to encourage alternatives to crime a government can offer to a potential offender or discourage such as strong punishment. If we consider offenders as those who want to maximize the efficiency with the least risk, we would expect them to compare the usefulness of the illegal activity to the usefulness of the action perfectly legal. If you apply some knowledge of economics can easily draw the graph of supply and demand at the point where two lines cross would be the balance market for criminal activity. To be fully understood, the greater the risk of being imprisoned criminal activity would be lower. Consequently, imprisonment would reduce crime through the implementation of the preventive effect and decreased the number of offenders and in this sense, basically, to create the utility of the alternative. The result of this idea is vitally depends on the assumptions that a person does and therefore the effect will depend on the attitude of the individual against the risk, duration from prison, and other unfavorable outcomes that lead to a criminal a.
Crime is actually seen from the economic perspective more often than people think. Academic economists rather than write books analyzing economic analysis of the interrelationship of the economy and crime. A them was Becker who made the model in over 1968, which assumes that people act rationally in response to the possible effects of their action. Simply speaking, people is more likely to commit the crime if the benefit is greater than would cost. It is as a business: if the potential revenues are greater than the costs, then it makes sense to start this business. We must also take into account the possibility of failure that would be the nominal risk for the criminal case. As in economics that considers the effects of a possible failure of the employer, in this case, the severity of the penalty should be brought to account. Taking all these things and put them together in one equation as Becker did, we want to achieve that the expected utility of crime is directly dependent capture probability, the monetary value taken from the crime, and the results if punished. Becker reached the conclusion that the negative results of the punishments reflect the severity of punishment will prevent crime. Although Becker does not fully explain the possible outcome of the situation when the fear of punishment is no longer the problem for the criminal. In other words, is there a critical point of fear of punishment for a potential criminal?
Becker concluded that if a person prefers to take a risk, then percent in the probability of punishment will have a greater deterrent effect than an increase of one percent in the severity of punishment and the opposite would be true if the person is not willing to take great risks. A major influence would also have the percentage of time that a person spends in illegal activities compared with the percentage of legal activities. A person who spends most of his time on something that is illegal can not be more stringent than those affected by the punishment that a person who spends most of his time on things legal.
The term "practical certainty" that was introduced almost twenty years ago states that people avoid the difficulties of making decisions by taking things for granted. Instead of hard economic calculation that uses Backer, people simply evaluate the net proceeds from crime and the alternative use of this time. This has a need for further expansion of the possibility and the severity of the penalty result in the downward trend in crime rate.
Another great scholar of the whole thing is Ehrlich. His work is based on market model crime. Ehrlich disputes that it is not possible to assess the influence of imprisonment taking into account only to individual cases. The imprisonment may prevent the following the same criminal offenses. For example, if one committed a crime and was imprisoned by him will not be able to commit another crime on the rationale in jail in this time. Although the preventive effect of prisons means nothing to repeat offenders, people who do illegal things all his life. No need alternatives crime crime is the best alternative for them, and do not really care how high the risk and severity is punishment.
Most countries have initiated the more severe sentences for repeat offenders and crimes which have a link to the burden of new crimes. Since 1990, the number of detainees has increased more of 577 100, or 1708 prisoners per week. By 1998, more than 1.7 million people were confined in the state, federal and local correctional facilities. As criminals Repeat took to the streets, U.S. actually achieved a decrease in crime rate.
In response to the crime, potential victims Choosing crime much higher levels to protect, in so doing they increase the preventive effect and therefore increase costs for the crime that criminals have to deal. Rising costs for crime decreases the potential net benefits to be derived from crime. In any case, not in favor of public opinion more stringent if the conviction is used because the citizens pay for the prisons of your taxes. If we consider the other option – to increase the means of self protection – Negatively will balance the budget for the people, as this expenditure is not very convenient for an ordinary citizen. If we look at the statistics is fairly easy to discover that during the last two decades of the twentieth century, the costs of state and local jails in the United States increased over 600%. For example, in Wisconsin during the past 13 years, the budget for the correction of the facilities have grown from $ 556 million in 1992-93 to almost $ 2 billion in the budget approved for 2004-05-an increase of 257%. Since 1990, the Wisconsin prison population has more than tripled.
Fortunately, we have a number of alternatives to harsher sentence. Would likely rehabilitation programs or increasing the employment rate. As I mentioned at the beginning of my article the low level of the economy negatively affects the crime rate. Consequently, a high rate of unemployment has a negative impact on crime in general. Therefore, to achieve highest crime rate low not only have to scare the strictest punishment possible offenders, but also create new jobs and get people to work. However, there is a guarantee one hundred percent that the greatest improvement in unemployment will result in the disappearance of the crime. For example, in the former Soviet Union practiced planned economy that created the workplace for everyone, however, the real crime rate was not lower.
In summary all the above, the effectiveness of tougher sentences depends on the contribution of individuals and attitudes, especially attitudes toward risk. It also depends on the willingness of the people to take risks and be responsible for the results. It is obvious that the imprisonment of offenders decrease the likelihood of crimes that could have been spent if these criminals were free. Studies show that increasing the rate of detention of suspected criminals can have important preventive reduce crime enough.
Damien Rice – 9 Crimes – Official Video
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